Geological processes have caused large CO₂ fluctuations in the past and influenced the climate. In recent studies, massive CO₂ emissions have been detected at continental rifts. The EMERGE project links three innovative approaches to measure and model such CO₂ outgassing. First, will use innovative techniques to measure CO₂ fluxes at European and East African rifts. In addition, novel modeling techniques are being developed to investigate the controls of geodynamic processes on CO₂ transports in the lithosphere. A third approach is to integrate data from the last 540 million years of all known rifts worldwide. This will allow to understand the role of tectonic degassing at continental rifts in shaping Earth’s climate through time.

Funded since October 2022 by the European Commission, Geo-INQUIRE provides to the scientific community virtual and transnational access (VA and TA) to about 150 installations hosted by 51 consortium partners – major national research institutes, universities, national geological surveys, and European Research Infrastructure Consortia including EPOS, EMSO, and ECCSEL and the ChEESE Centre of Excellence. The 4-year project aims to further enhance and harmonize data and service provision, strengthen the multi-disciplinarity and interoperability to overcome cross-domain barriers, especially in the land-sea-atmosphere environments. Integration of different data, including new observables, products, and services will be optimized and demonstrated through TA activities at 7 multi-disciplinary test beds, besides open training workshops and summer schools. Ultimately, Geo-INQUIRE strives to enable the next generation of geo-scientists to carry out leading-edge research addressing societal challenges from a multi-disciplinary perspective, and making intelligent use of the available geo-research infrastructures.

Section 2.5 is contributing to the coordination of the Geo-INQUIRE Work Package WP5: “Access to the next- generation software and workflow as a service” as well as to the development and provision of the new Virtual Access (VA) to the instant tsunami modelling tool “Gaussian Toolbox”. This service is a joint product with INGV (Italy) colleagues; it implements the concept of surface tsunami Green’s functions to instantly quantify coastal tsunami wave heights for arbitrary seismic sources in the Mediterranean region.

The Eifel hotspot, situated in western Germany, has been volcanically active for several tens of millions of years. Previous studies have indicated that the source of these long-term volcanic activities is a plume visible in the upper mantle and in some models of the lower mantle. However, the deep origin of the plume is still under debate, since the tomography images do not consistently show a continuous plume conduit between the surface and the core-mantle boundary and the Eifel hotspot is not related to any flood basalt province or a clearly age-progressive hotspot track. It has also been proposed that there is a stagnant slab in the mantle transition zone created by the Alpine-Mediterranean subduction zone. This stagnant slab might be interacting with the Eifel plume, but so far this mechanism has not been studied in detail using a geodynamic approach. In addition, the ascent of the Eifel plume and the other sub-lithospheric drivers of vertical motion (such as edge-driven convection or cooling and accretion of sub-lithospheric mantle) as well as lithosphere deformation might cause dynamic topography at the earth surface in central Europe. However, so far the relative contributions of these processes during the Cenozoic are still controversial.

In this project, I intend to employ the geodynamic research software ASPECT to model the lithospheric-scale surface response of Central Europe to plume impingement, small-scale convection and plate tectonic forcing, and try to decompose the present-day topography into individual components. Also, I will conduct 3D models with high resolution and complex rheologies to explain the possible origins of the Eifel hotspot and to address how the plume and the stagnant slab interact with each other

Alexander Sobolev (IsTerre, Grenoble), Stephan Sobolev (GFZ Potsdam, Germany) and John Valley (University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA) have been awarded an ERC (European Research Council) Synergy Grant of 12.8 million euros over six years (2020-2026) to study the evolution of Earth's chemical composition and underlying physical processes from 4.4 billion years ago to the present day in a project called Monitoring Earth Evolution through Time (MEET).

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A Digital Twin for GEOphysical extremes (DT-GEO) is a European project that aims to analyse and forecast the impact of tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes, and anthropogenic seismicity. Main objective of DT-GEO is to deploy a pre-operational prototype of Digital Twin, implemented through 12 self-contained Digital Twin Components (DTCs) addressing specific hazardous phenomena, for its future integration into the Destination Earth initiative. DTCs will combine real-time data streams and high-fidelity models to conduct precise data-informed early warning systems, forecasts, and hazard assessments across multiple time scales. Also foreseen is integration of project assets and outcomes into the European Plate Observing System (EPOS) and HPC/virtual cloud computing (EuroHPC) Research Infrastructures.

Section 2.5 is involved into the development of the Digital Twin Component DTC-T1 implementing the workflow of the novel tsunami forecasting methodology coined Probabilistic Tsunami Forecasting (PTF). The workflow is planned for employment in the Tsunami Early Warning Centres. It provides probabilities of exceedance of given tsunami intensities at given coastal locations. PTF performs data assimilation of (near-) real time earthquake and tsunami observations into the tsunami simulation workflow operating ensembles of precomputed or on-the-fly simulated tsunami propagation scenarios.

In the on-going push for developing new, eco-friendly resources and energy production, the potential of naturally occurring hydrogen, generated through the alteration (serpentinization) of tectonically exhumed mantle rocks, remains largely overlooked. The exhumation of mantle rocks can occur during rifting and continental break-up, but as well as during mountain building phases. In order to better assess the opportunities for natural hydrogen extraction from exhumed mantle material, we must improve our understanding of the tectonic processes leading to (and active during) their exhumation.

This project envisions the use of numerical tectonic modelling techniques to unravel these mantle exhumation processes, with a special focus on the influence of structural inheritance, pressure and temperature evolution of exhumed mantle materials over time, and the importance of surface processes and the presence of reservoirs. The subsequent aim is to apply these modelling results to interpret the tectonic history of various natural cases (e.g. Pyrenees, offshore Iberia, European Alps), and to assess the feasibility of natural hydrogen extraction in these areas of interest.

The Ross Sea geoid low (RSGL) is a very prominent feature in the global geoid pattern. Despite some previous studies on the origin of RSGL (Spasojevic et al., Nature Geoscience, 3, 435-438, 2010; Sutherland et al., Geology, 38, 155-158, 2010) and strong indications that there is an upwelling of hot materials in the upper mantle under West Antarctica, it remains unclear what it is caused by.

I will use numerical simulations to model the geoid anomalies induced by mantle convection, with specific focus on the Ross Sea area, directed by Dr. Bernhard Steinberger. Also, we will try to construct a present-day density structure that is suitable to explain geoid and dynamic topography caused by mantle convection in this area, and consistent with both geodynamic forward models and seismic tomography. By comparing modelled geoid anomalies with observations, we will evaluate the reliability of our results ad give an explanation for the origin of RSGL.

Similar to numerous passive margins worldwide, the development of the rifted continental margins of the South China Sea (SCS) comprises a complicated tectonic past advancing from rift localisation and lithospheric reduction to continental break-up and seafloor extension. The tectonic history of the SCS has been evidently affected by several important regional factors, including Mesozoic inherited structures and the initial thermal regime of a back-arc setting. Furthermore, recent findings from an IODP cruise have provided convincing evidence that the typical end-member models of magma-rich or magma-poor rifted margins do not apply to the South China Sea. With this in mind, the aim of this project is to explore the reasons behind and the mechanisms driving the unique tectonic history and ultimate architecture of the rifted margins in the South China Sea back-arc region. Using advanced numerical modelling tools, this programme will concentrate on the cross-scale geodynamic evolution and thermal development of the South China Sea.

This project aims at constraining the dynamics of large low shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs), their deformation pattern and composition using the shear wave anisotropy of the lowermost mantle. The lowermost mantle, specifically the D” layer, is very difficult to explore due to the scarcity of seismic observations in that great depth. The two LLSVPs in the D” layer exhibit characteristic physico-chemical properties unlike the surrounding mantle. Although the plumes are being generated from these structures, the composition of plumes and LLSVPs are not the same. Using 3D numerical modelling of mantle convection, I will model the seismic anisotropy generated from different deformation mechanisms in the lower mantle and compare them with the observations. The deformation mechanisms and the flow pattern will tell us about the rheological properties as well as the density structure of the LLSVPs. Adding to that, I will also try to address the geochemical composition of the D” layer with special focus on LLSVPs.

The East African Rift System encompasses a wide variety of rifts including the immature Malawi rift in the south to the highly extended, seismically and volcanically active Afar rift to the north. The Afar rift offers an excellent opportunity to investigate continental break up and the formation of seafloor spreading centers on land. The opening of the Afar rift started at ∼30 million years ago (Myr), facilitated by the Afar plume and separation of Arabia from Africa and later by the rotation of the Danakil and Ali-Sabeh blocks at ∼7 Myr. Significant rift formation and propagation in central Afar occurred at around 4 Myr.

The Quaternary to Recent opening of the Afar rift is mainly accommodated at the Dabbahu-Manda Harraro and Asal-Ghobbet segments, at the tip of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden rifts, respectively. However, how the two rift segments propagate towards each other is still enigmatic. Several contrasting models have been put forward to explain the rift propagation and linkage in the Afar rift. The discrepancy among these models could be due to the difference in timescale of observations. Here we aim to combine GPS and numerical geodynamic modeling observations coupled with paleomagnetic and earthquake data to fully understand rift propagation and linkage in the central Afar across a range of timescales.