Water is seeping deeper into Earth than expected: GFZ

Water seeps deeper into the Earth than previously assumed - trapped in certain minerals containing aluminium. This is shown by investigations under extreme pressures and temperatures at DESY.

Schematic of plunging Earth plates under the ocean with water transport and the Al molecules involved: This is how water migrates deeper into the Earth than previously assumed. — Scheme of subducting slabs under the ocean with water transport and the aluminium molecules involved: This is how water migrates deeper into the Earth than previously assumed. *(Picture: daulon - stock.adobe.com; bearbeitet nach Li et al. 2022 - AGU Geophysical Reseach Letters, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098353)*

Four photos of the three-metre-high rotating large-capacity press: A yellow container in a rotating grey frame. — The whole 3-m-high Large Volume Press at GFZ can be rotated during the experiment with 5°per second to ensure homogeneous distribution of fluid and solid in the 2-mm-high sample container in the center of the press. *(Photos: Monika Koch-Müller)*

Summary

Water is transported deeper into Earth than scientists had expected. An X-ray study of water bearing minerals under extremely high pressure and temperatures show these compounds to be stable even under conditions of the lower mantle. “Within these minerals, water can be transported as far as 1300 kilometres underground,” explains Xinyang Li from DESY and GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam, main author of the study that was conducted at DESY's X-ray light source PETRA III. “That is about 200 kilometres deeper than what was known before.” The team reports the results in the journal Geophysical Research Letters.

The Earth's deep water cycle: Open questions

Constraining the deep Earth water cycle has tremendous impact on our understanding of the current state and evolution of Earth's interior. Water is usually transported with subducting slabs below the oceans into Earth. “But how far can it go?” asks Xinyang Li. “At what depth do hydrous minerals release water to the surrounding mantle?”

Investigations on hydrous magnesium minerals

To answer this question, the team examined a mineral group called the dense hydrous magnesium silicates or DHMS. Using a large volume press at GFZ, the scientists synthesised samples of superhydrous phase B, one DHMS, at 19 gigapascals (190,000 times the atmospheric pressure) and 1100 degrees Centigrade close to the composition expected in the subducting slabs. The key ingredient here was aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃), which can be present in DHMS but was not integrated in the samples of previous studies of this type.

X-ray measurements at DESY in real time under extreme conditions: High pressures and temperatures like in the Earth's mantle

Grains of these samples, about 0.01 millimetres in diameter, were then X-rayed at DESY's Extreme Conditions Beamline P02.2 at PETRA III, while they were compressed to pressures of up to 55 Gigapascals and heated to 2200 degrees Centigrade – the conditions of the deep mantle. The bright X-rays allowed to record the inner structure of the mineral in real time and to determine at what conditions the mineral decomposes and what decomposition products occur.

“By using the high-pressure apparatus at DESY and GFZ, we were able to perform a challenging experiment, and the result deepens our understanding of the water cycle in the deep Earth,” explained Hanns-Peter Liermann, head of the Extreme Conditions Beamline at PETRA III, who led the research.

Key ingredient aluminium

The authors showed that the incorporation of Al significantly increases the stability of the samples by up to 500 degrees Centigrade, which means that these mineral phases, known to be very sensitive to temperature, can survive even in the very hot conditions of Earth’s mantle. “Our measurements show that Al-containing samples can remain stable even at the temperature of normal mantle conditions,” said co-author Monika Koch-Müller from GFZ.

“If we make a comparison with aluminium free systems, which are insufficient to simulate the composition of the real Earth, our results with a more realistic composition indicate a higher water storage capacity in deep subducted oceanic plates,” added co-author Sergio Speziale, also from GFZ. The additional amount of water that can obviously be stored in the mantle is difficult to determine.

New picture of the water cycle in the deep Earth

“This observation changes the picture of water circulation in the deep Earth,” emphasised Xinyang Li. “We believe that it can help to understand some of the still unexplained issues of geophysical signals from the deep mantle that present a problem to the current standard model of the deep Earth.”

About the project

The project was supported by the Centre for Molecular Water Science (CMWS) as part of the early science program. The CMWS is an initiative of more than 60 partner institutions worldwide to set up an institute dedicated to water research at the DESY campus in Hamburg.

(Text taken from the DESY News with minor edits. UD)

Original publication:
Phase Stability of Al-Bearing Dense Hydrous Magnesium Silicates at Topmost Lower Mantle Conditions: Implication for Water Transport in the Mantle; X. Li, S. Speziale, M. Koch-Müller, R.J. Husband & H.-P. Liermann; „Geophysical Research Letters“, 2022; doi: 10.1029/2022GL098353