Publications

Rare earth elements (REE), yttrium and some major element concentrations have been measured in the high-enthalpy fluids (HEF) of several geothermal wells and the fluid's source rocks in the Larderello-Travale area (Tuscany/Central Italy). The REE and Y abundances in the HEF range from 0.1 to about 10 pmol/kg and are slightly higher in the HEF originating from evaporite/carbonate sequences (Calcare Cavernoso) than in those from phyllites. The resulting REY distribution factors between HEF and source rocks, (super app) Kd (sub source-rock) (super HEF) defined as the ratios of REY/Ca in both phases, range from <0.01 to 0.03 and 0.03 to 0.1 for phyllites and evaporite-limestone sequences (Calcare Cavernoso), respectively. REE+Y are more retained by the source rocks than Ca. HEF show no inherited and, with exception of a small Y anomaly, no acquired anomalies. This indicates a static equilibrium between HEF and the source rocks. The absence of any Eu anomalies points to temperatures less than 250 degrees C in the source region. The small negative Y anomalies are the result of Y depletion in the rock fractions taking part in the water-rock interaction. Due to depressurization of the HEF to about 120 degrees C and 2 bars, a liquid and a vapor phase is produced, which were sampled for the determination of the REE+Y partitioning between the two phases. The apparent partition factors between vapor and liquid (super app) D (sub liquid) (super vapor) of REE+Y range between 0.05 to 0.2 and about 3 for HEF originating from the phyllites and evaporites/carbonates, respectively. Among all ionic species determined, only NH (sub 4) (super +) has an apparent partition factor (super app) D (sub liquid) (super vapor) above one. In general, REY partition more easily into the vapor phase than the earth alkaline and alkaline elements. No significant correlation of REE+Y in the vapor phase with any of the determined ionic species could be detected. This probably points to the dominant presence of ion pairing such as REY(OH) (sub 3) (super o) or REYO(OH) (super o)

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Möller, P.; Dulski, P.; Morteani, G. (2003): Partitioning of rare earth elements, yttrium, and some major elements among source rocks, liquid and vapor of Larderello-Travale geothermal field, Tuscany (central Italy). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67, 2, 171-183.